The wide diversity of automotive motor-drivers, including those used for HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), headlamp, seat positioning, window, and mirror applications, requires circuits that do more than just switch the motor on and off. The drivers have to control direction, torque, speed, acceleration, and deceleration to sense
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position and to detect stall conditions. In addition, they have to withstand severe environmental conditions, such as system electrostatic discharge (ESD), over- and reverse-voltages, wide temperature ranges, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). Finally, since some applications are safety-critical, they also have to fulfill very high quality and reliability demands. Integrating the drive-control functions on a single chip (system-on-chip, or SoC) is a difficult task, because the chips have to operate at high temperatures, high voltages (up to 80V), and handle up to multi-amp currents. This article will describe design implementation of H-Bridges in "smart power" technologies for three automotive applications —a stepper motor actuator for positioning headlamps, a ventilator motor controller to control the airflow and temperature of a car`s airflow, and also a Class D power amplifier for audio amplification. Most automotive applications require the co-existence of analog and digital functionality. Thus the benefits of combining this functionality on a single chip to create an integrated circuit (IC) are significant. Such mixed-signal integration, however, also presents significant challenges, including having to withstand the severe environmental conditions noted previously. Basically, as shown in the schematic, the chip is integrating the system functionality from a sensor (left) to an actuator (right) by going through...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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