With an an input sinewave on the left amplifier base, here`s what happens: The collector output rises above or falls below 6. 6 volts. Of course, the amplifier increases signal level and inverts the signal. Because the output is roughly centered, the chances of clipping are small. (The emitter voltage shifts the collector voltage upward a bit, but not significantly. In return, emitter
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feedback tends to improve fidelity. ) Right Amplifier Analysis. Now, we apply an input sinewave to the right amplifier base. The collector output rises above or falls below 11 volts. Again, the amplifier increases signal level and inverts the signal. Unfortunately, the output is far off center. The chance of clipping is likely. (The large collector resistor upset the circuit`s base bias. ) A negative input signal easily cuts off the collector signal. Remember that the collector quiescent voltage is 11 volts. The collector only needs to rise by one volt. In the positive direction, this amplifier has a lot of gain. A positive input signal can cause the collector to drop 11 volts. Compare that to 5. 4 volts for the left amplifier. Unfortunately, the right amplifier`s output waveform is terribly assymmetrical. I can vouch for the clipping effect. I demonstrated it. I wired this amplifier to a signal tracer. Then I used the circuit as a microphone preamp. I could hear the output distortion. Now, back to the LED driver. By substituting one LED for my display, you introduce similar problems to those in the example above. I designed the LED driver to output 80 milliamperes average to 12 LEDs. You substituted one LED. This LED probably requires 20 mA. (That depends on what LED type you used. ) The result You overdrive the LED. Why Because you aren`t using the rated load. Driver gain doesn`t change, but load resistance increases. No...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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