Diagram shows the basic construction of a forward converter. Whereas the energy is temporarily stored with the flyback converter before it is transferred to the secondary side, in the forward converter, energy is transferred directly between the primary and secondary sides. As an aid for understanding, the individual switching states in the s
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teady state system are examined. With the switch T1 closed, there is the same polarity at both dots of the transformer circuit diagram so that the diode D2 is conducting. In accordance with the function of the transformer (Chapter I/1. 9) the current transformed from the secondary side flows on the primary side and the linearly increasing magnetizing current. The transformed input voltage is applied to the secondary winding. This serves to charge the choke. A linearly increasing current flows through the choke and the load. If the switch T1 is now opened, the current cannot continue to flow on the primary side. The polarity in the magnetic components reverses so that D2 is blocked on the secondary side. The choke L1 now transfers the stored energy to the load (or the output capacitor) via D3. The current through the choke again decreases linearly. The core of the transformer has been magnetized by the magnetization current. The remanence of the core material would cause the core to saturate within a few switching cycles. So it has to be demagnetized after each switching period. Various techniques have been used for this purpose. The simplest option is presented in Figure 3. 179. During the shutdown phase the magnetizing current is fed back via diode D1 through the auxiliary winding. The number of turns used for the auxiliary winding is usually the same as that used for the primary winding. This means that the same time is...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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