The robot requires means of detecting an obstacle (or another robot) without making physical contact. This allows the robot to decide whether to avoid or to confront and investigate the obstacle depending on its programming. This is one solution and the design of obstacle detection circuit. Here`s the figure of the circuit; In this circuit, ultras
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onic transducers were chosen for this because they are more reliable and have a greater range than IR sensors (effectiveness of IR sensors varies with ambient light level). The IC U1 is a 555 timer in astable configuration to oscillate at 40 KHz. Instead of using exact values for the two resistors that is placed between pin 6 and 7, a 10K ohm potentiometer (VR1) was used. This also allows for some fine tuning of the output frequency. The output (pin 3) is then attached to a 40 KHz ultrasonic transmitter (UTR1). The receiving circuit is a dual LM358N (U2) op-amp. An ultrasonic receiver (UTR2) is connected to pin 3, the non-inverting input of U2a which is a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 220. The output of U2a is put through a low pass filter via D1, C3 and R4 to produce a somewhat stable DC voltage. This DC voltage is fed into the non-inverting input of U2b configured as a non-inverting comparator. Sensitivity of U2b is controlled by VR2 to set the threshold trigger value. The output of U2b is connected through R5 to the base of a bipolar 2N2222 transistor (Q1) acting as an inverter with a LED (LED1) to indicate if an obstacle has been detected. Finally, the collector of Q1 goes to the Handy Board`s digital port (Handy Board uses inverted logic levels, 0V is a logic 1 and +5V is a logic 0).
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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