Precise, adjustable control of beats per minute from a largo of 18 to a frenzied, high presto of 500, These beats are produced acoustically through a speaker. A light flashes at the same rate. When SW1 is closed, CI begins to charge through Rl and R2. Cl will eventually reach a voltage at which the emitter of unijunction transistor is switched on, "dumping" the energy stored in Cl into an 8 ohm speaker. To produce a distinct "plop", brief pulses across T2 secondary drive.....
The circuit consists of two basic circuits, the oscillator and the detector. The oscillator uses an FET in a Colpitts configuration. The energy circulating in the oscillator tank is coupled through C4 to the detector circuit, where a small diode (D2) rectifies it, feeding a dc voltage to the Darlington pair (Q2, A3) controlled by the sensitivity control (R3). Any small variations in the bias of the amplifier will cause large variations of current through the LED indicator.....
Because power MOSFETs offer high power gain at both audio and radio frequencies, they are useful in many areas of radio-circuit design. For rf applications, a MOSFET"s large safe operating area, V0 s vs ! 0, protects it against damage from reflected rf energy. As a modulator, a MOSFET"s transfer linearity aids fidelity. In the suppressed-carrier modulator, an rf signal is applied to the primary of transformer Tl, whose secondaries provide equal-amplitude,.....
Although theIR region is free from radio interference, it is subject to interference from incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, stray reflections, and other sources. A simple way to overcome that problem is to create a carrier by chopping the IR radiation at a rate of 100 kHz. The audio then modulates the carrier by modulating the chopping rate. A receiver then detects the IR beam as a 100-kHz FM signal. ..
The sensor is based on the selective absorption of hydrocarbons by an n-type metal-oxide surface. The heater in the device serves to burn off the hydrocarbons once smoke or gas is no longer present in the immediate area; hence, the device is reuseable. When initially turned on, a 15 minute warm-up period is required to reach equilibrium (V, = 0.6 V) in a hydrocarbon-free environment. When gas or smoke is introduced near the sensor, VA will quickly rise (rate and final.....
The meltdown is a magnet held to a small stand by ice. A reed switch is below the magnet..
The device generates an adjustable frequency of low to medium powered IR pulses of invisible energy and must be treated with care. The portable battery pack is stepped up to 200 to 300 volts by the inverter circuit consisting of Ql, Q2, and Tl. Ql conducts until saturated, at which time, the base no longer can sustain it in an "on" state and Ql turns "off," causing the magnetic field in its collector winding to collapse thus producing a voltage or proper phase in the base.....
The discrete-gate up/down-counter desigo has the unusual property of freezing, or saturating, when it reaches its lowest count in the down-count mode or its highest count in the count-up mode instead of rolling over and resetting as do most counters. This property proves especial!y useful in position-control systems. For example, you wouldn"t want a robot"s arm to slowly move to full extension as the counter counts up and then have it suddenly slam back to its rest.....
IR radiation from LED2 (modulated by a 1-kHz wave) is keyed by Ul, and Ql is radiated. Reflected IR energy i..
A sensitive radiation monitor may be simply constructed with a large-area photodiode and a quad operational amplifier. Replacing the glass window of the diode with Mylar foil will shield it from light and infrared energy, enabling it to respond to such nuclear radiation as alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. A4 integrates the output of A3 in order to drive a microammeter..
Put the car in reverse and the circuit provides a loud, audible beep at the rate of about one per second (1Hz). Half of U1, a 556 dual oscillator/timer, is used as a slow-pulse oscillator with a rate of about 1Hz. Components R2, R1, and C1 form the long time constant. You can calculate on time by t~.7 (R1 + R2) C1 or 1.15 seconds. The off time is shorter than the on time, at . 77 second. Enabling pin 4 (reset) is held high to keep the oscillator freerunning when voltage is.....
This tracking transmitter consists of four distinct subassemblies; a free-running multivibrator, a transmit switch, an audio-tone generator, and an FM transmitter. The multivibrator (which produces a pulse width with a pulse separation of 1500 ms) is built around Ql and Q2. The multivibrator output is coupled through R5 to the base of Q3, whose emitter feeds Q4, ..
High quality, noise free, wireless FM transmitter/receiver operates over standard power lines. Complete system is suitable for high-quality transmission of speech or music, and will operate from any ac outlet anywhere on a one-acre home site. Frequency response is 20-20, 000 Hz and THD is under Transmission distance along a power line is at least adequate to include all outlets in and around a suburban home and yard..
The ignition substitute provides a constant power source for the ignition coil. Its frequency, 0.5-1.0 kHz, is that used by an 8-cylinder engine with an idling speed of 650 RPM, and the unit provides a rapid spark at a 17% duty cycle, while staying within the power dissipation limits of the components. The circuit consists of a 555 timer IC configured as an astable free~running multivibrator that is used to drive a high-current npn transistor, such as a 2N6384. The.....
The electronic darkroom timer is built around a 555 oscillator/timer, a pair of general-purpose transistors, a buzzer, and an LED. The 555 (Ul) is configured as an astable multivibrator (free-running oscillator). The frequency of the oscillator is determined by the values through i3 and Cl through C4. Switch SI is used to divide the capacitor network to vary the time interval between beeps; when SI is closed, the circuit beeps at intervals of 30 seconds. With SI closed,.....
Capacitor Cl is charged to +28 V through Rl and stores energy for firing the squib. A positive pulse of 1 mA applied to the gate of SCR1 will cause it to conduct, discharging Cl into the squib load XI. With the load in the cathode circuit, the cathode rises immediately to + 28 V as soon as the SCR is triggered on. DiodeD1 decouples the gate from the gate trigger source, allowing the gate to rise in potential along with the cathode so that the negative gate-to-cathode.....
Most of you will certainly already installed on your computer one of the many software tools move freely from hand to hand and is suitable for programming the PIC 16C84. One of the most popular of this kind is the RIR02 of Silicon Studios. The circuit described below, is perhaps the simplest PIC programmer that can work seamlessly with the program RIR02. This guide allows RIR02 communication with the programmer, through the parallel port (Centronics). ..
This free-running TTL square-wave oscillator has a variable frequency output over a 20:1 range or better through use of four of the six inverters in an SN7404 chip and the additional components shown. Frequency of oscillation is determined by the capacitor and the settings of potentiometers R2 and R4; the first pot controls width Tl and the second controls width T2 of the square-wave output. ..
The 4047 is configured as a free-running, astable- multivibrator (oscillator) circuit. That configuration, offers three different outputs. The output pulses at the Q and Q output (pins 10 and 11, respectively) are the same as in the previous two circuits. The third output at pin 13 pulses twice as often as the outputs at 10 and 11. So, the circuit can be used to simultaneously provide both positive- and negative-trigger signals since the Q and Q output are never in.....
A simple 120 V: 24 V, center-tapped control transformer and four additional components can do the job. This circuit outputs a clean 200 V pk-pk square wave at 60 Hz and can supply up to 20 W. The circuit is self-starting and free-running. If Q1 is faster and has a higher gain than Q2, it will tum on first when you apply the input power and will hold Q2 off. Load current and transformer magnetizing current then flows in the upper half of the primary winding, and.....
Operational Amplifiers
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