Sensors Detectors Circuits
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A school drama needed lamps that automatically turned on and off when spot lights did the same. Lamp switching had to be wireless, durable, dependable, simple and inexpensive. With stage and spot lights off, very little light falls on the CdS photocell, so....
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This circuit is designed to detect a low light level at the sensor, amplify the signal, and provide a TTLlevet output. When the optical sensor detects low-levellight, on condition, its output is small and must be amplified. An amp with very low input bias....
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This circuit"s frequency of oscillation increases directly with light intensity. The greater the light intensity, the higher the frequency of the oscillator. The 555 timer operates in the astable oscillator mode where frequency and duty cycle are....
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If R, the sensor matching resistor, is equal to the "dark" resistance of the cadmium sulfide cell, the amplifier output will range from 0 to "" 2 as the lightlevel ranges from "dark" to "bright." The circuit in Fig. B operates similarly, but use the....
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This circuit provides a very low cost method of controlling light levels. Circuit power is obtained from a relatively high source impedance transformer or motor windings, normally used to drive the low-voltage lamps used in these functions. It should be....
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A flashing light of high brightness and short duty cycle is often desired to provide maximum visibility and battery life. This necessitates using an output transistor, which can supply the cold filament surge current of the lamp while maintaining a low....
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In solar cell array applications and solar instrumentation, it is desirable to monitor the approximate position of the sun to allow efficient automatic alignment. The Ll4Gllens can provide about 15° of accuracy in a simple level sensing circuit, and a....
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For a dark photocell, high resistance, the vohage across the diac rises rapidly with the line voltage due to the current through C 1, triggering the diac early in the cycle. ..
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The heart of the electroscope is the two junction FETs Ql and Q2 connected in a balanced-bridge circuit. The gate input of Ql is connected to the wire pick-up antenna, while Q2"s gate is tied to the circuit"s common ground through R2. That type of bridge....
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Two 555s and a quad NAND-gate IC can simulate an electrocardiograph signal and a -y-wave radioisotope signal for applications in nuclear medicine. This circuit synchronizes the radioisotope signal to the EKG signal. You can use the circuit"s outputs to....
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The mercury-in-rubber strain gauge is the detector of breathing. In the model device, the strain gauge produced by Medimatic, Demark was used. The change in the length of the strain gauge wrapped around the chest during breathing causes a varying....
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Most circuits that provide an electrical stimulus for research subjects are constant-voltage designs; this circuit is a constant-current design. Stimulator circuits must be isolated for two reasons: to ensure safety and to minimize interference. Isolated....
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The tracer receiver is a stereo audio amplifier/detector circuit operating near 1 kHz. Inductors Ll and 12-hand-wound coils, consisting of 200 turns of #26 wire on 2-inch ferrite cores-are tunea to the operating frequency of the amplifier/detector. The....
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When power is applied to the circuit, the heater coil in the sensor is energized by the 5-V output of IC5, a 7805 voltage regulator. Breathing into the sensor with alcohol on your breath will lower the sensor"s resistance; consequently, the input voltage....
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A simple bridge rectifier and a 12-V regUlator powers the MOSFET sensing circuit. The unregUlated output of the bridge rectifier operates the drain solenoid via switch S1: The sensor itself is built from two electrodes: one made of copper, -the other....
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When a current of air hits tbe piezo element, a small signal is generated and is fed through Cl and Rl to inverting input pin 2 of one section of the LM324. That causes output pin 1 to increase. Resistor R3 is used to adjust the sensitivity of the....
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This circuit passes the input signal at unity gain, either unchanged or inverted, depending on the digital control input. A buffered input is shown, since low-source impedance is essential. Gain can be added by modifications to the feedback networks.....
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The output of the detector contains a term related to the cosine of the phase angle. Two signals of equal frequency are applied to the inputs. The frequencies are multiplied together, producing the sum and difference frequencies. Equal frequencies cause....
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This rf probe is coupled with a fiber-optiCJ:able to the test equipment. It utilizes inexpensive components to improve probe performance at UHF frequencies. The receiving antenna in this probe feeds an envelope-detector diode. After amplification by the....
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Oscilloscope measurements of ground noise can be unreliable because noise can enter your circuit via the scope"s three-pronged power plug. You can avoid this problem by using the ground-noise tester shown. Powered by two 9-V batteries, the circuit....
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The greatest sensitivity is achieved if R1 is approximately equal to the probe resistance. The circuit can be zeroed with R2, while the full-scale voltage is controlled by R5. The correlation between pH and output voltage might not be linear, which would....
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Transistor Q1-configured as a source-follower buffer stage, offering a bit under unity voltage gaingives tbe unit a high-impedance input of about 1 MO shunted by about 10 pF, which keeps only minimal loading on tbe equipment being tested. C1 serves as....
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The unit is constructed around a balanced-bridge circuit. using both capacitance and inductance. The bridge consists of capacitors C2 and C3, and the center-tapped winding of Tl. One end of the bridge is coupled to ground by C4, while capacitance changes....
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A 3-x -3-inch piece of circuit board, or similar size metal object which functions as the pick-up sensor, is connected to the gate of Ql. A 100-MD resistor, R2, isolates Ql"s gate from Rl, allowing the input iropedance to remain very high. If a 100MO....
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The SillOO series circuit input is connected to a capacitive field sensor-possibly a piece of doublesided circuit board. Any induced voltage change on the plate is fed to the input of the peak detector section of the op-amp circuit. The Schmitt trigger....
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The 4047 is configured as a monostable multivibrator circuit or one shot that is set up to trigger on a negative-transition of the signal applied to its pin 6 input. The multivibrator"s on time is determined by the values of R1 and Cl. Although R1 is....
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LED1 and LED2 indicators turn on and remain on, each time the circuit is triggered. During the timing cycle, U1 "s Q output at pin 10 becomes positive when the Q output at pin 11 becomes negative. ..
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Only one LED can be on when the circuit is at rest. Which LED is illuminated is determined by the touch pick-up that last had human contact. Pickup terminal A controls the on condition of LEDl, and terminal B controls the on condition of LED2. ..
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This circuit requires the bridging of two circuits to activate the electronic switch. That circuit does not require a 60-Hz field to operate and can be battery or ac powered. The two-pickup terminals can be made from most any clean metal; they should be....
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The monostable period is set for about 1 second, as is the usual case. The induced line hum comes through C2, providing a continuous string of trigger pulses. The output becomes low for about 10 ms per second as the monostable times out and then....
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This touch-actuated switch stays on as long as you keep your finger on the touch plate. Rl sets the input impedance to a high 22 MO. Ql picks up stray signals coupled through your body to the touch plate and amplifies them to tum on Q2, which turns on lamp....
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The range of this ac-voltage monitor is 100 to 140 Vac, with a resolution of 1 V. The speech processor interprets an 8-bit binary input code from an analog-to-digital converter. The processor"s pulse-code-mod ulated output then passes through a filter and....