Using only an 8-pin IC and a few discrete components, you can build the infrared optical interrupter. The NE567
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tone decoder has all the necessary circuit elements: a local oscillator, a PLL decoder, and a 100-mA output-drive capability. The local oscillator, which is tuned to 40 kHz by RT and CT, drives Ql, a universal low-power silicon pnp transistor (such as a 2N3906, BC559, or ZTX500). Ql drives the IR-emit-ting diode. The receiving part of the circuit surrounds the ICs internal PLL input at pin 3. When the pho-todetector, Q2, detects the oscillating IR light beam, the 40-kHz signal appears at pin 3 of the IC, Under this condition, the circuit locks and the ICs output is high. When something opaque comes between the LED and Q2, the 40-kHz signal doesn"t reach the PLL input, and the ICs output goes low. The feedback network between pins 1 and 8 prevents the output from chattering. If you connect this circuit to a high-inertia load (such as a mechanical relay), the output doesn"t tend to oscillate and you can eliminate these feedback components. The circuit works with virtually any LED-photodetector pair, but matched pairs allow for longer distances between the emitter and receiver. The table lists some of the best choices.
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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