The square wave is generated by a 7555 timer operating with a supply of 10V and thus generating exactly this voltage as output voltage. With the single quadrant multiplier (RC4200, Fairchild, obsolete) the two quadrant square root circuit is formed. 10V of input voltage is converted to 10V output exactly (2. 5V to5V, 1V to 3. 16V, 0. 1V to 1V etc. ).
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The signal is limited to a lower limit of 0V and a switchable limit of 2. 5, 5, 0. 75 or 10V. Two comparators and associated LEDs indicate when the limits are reached. It turned out to be helpful to adjust the input signal to a maximum amplitude (lin or sqrt) by just observing these LEDs. This amplifier has a gain of 20 so that the nominal input voltage of 10V becomes 200V. The full power bandwidth with an output load of 300pF is 400kHz approx. and thus sufficient for all important harmonics when the square root of a 20kHz AF-signal has to be amplified to 200Vpp. The output is current limited to a few mA and short circuit proof. The oscillator is a sine wave push-pull oscillator. This kind of circuit has a low output impedance and generates an output amplitude which is quite exactly depending on the supply voltage only. This makes the circuit nicely "predictable" and this is why it operates with its own regulated power supply of 8V. Though its low output impedance it is still buffered because the measuring voltage not only has to have a low impedance, but a very low impedance so that high currents through the measured capacitor do not alter the voltage unacceptably. In order to allow the measured capacitance (capsule) to be connected to ground the measuring voltage is galvanically decoupled by a transformer which allows not only the current measuring circuit to be ground referenced too but also the introduction of a...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
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The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
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In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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