The frequency counter has to count the number of cycles per second of an incoming signal. Hence we need a device to count. In electronics circuits, counter ICs are available for counting. These IC`s can count the input pulses. The count is given as coded output from the IC (in binary form or BCD form). The count must be converted into decimal digi
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t to be understood by human beings. More number of IC`s can be cascaded to increase the number of digits. The number of digits required for the counter to display the count value depends on the application and the accuracy needed. In our design we use a single 4 bit BCD high-speed CMOS counter chips. One chip is used for one digits and we use 7 similar ICs to get seven digit counter. Also we use CMOS decoder IC to decode the BCD out put of the counter to drive 7 segment displays. Since the counter can count only digital pulses, we need to convert the incoming signal wave to digital pulse or we should obtain one pulse for every input wave. Hence we need a special circuit to shape the input wave into a square wave of same frequency and amplitude confined to the TTL signal levels. A signal conditioning section is needed for this purpose. Besides the above initial stages, some times a few more additional stages such as input protection stages, filter stages, etc are can be found in some designs. The input whose frequency is to measured is given to the input stage consisting of the above and the out put of this stage is the square pulses. Now the square pulses are given to the counter to count the number of pulses for a fixed duration. If the duration is 1 seconds, then the counter displays a value that equals to the number of cycles per second, now if we want to measure a frequency of say 20MHz, the counter should display...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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