Figure shows a simplified representation of the Earth`s dipole field, it resembles the field due to a bar magnet. The field lines originate at the south magnetic pole and terminate at the north magnetic pole. The angle that this field makes when it intersects the Earth`s surface is known as the inclination angle. Figure 2 shows a contour plot of the inclination angle over the continental US.
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This angle varies from about 60 degrees in the south to about 75 degrees in the north. Since the magnetic field has a large vertical component, it is possible to use it as a reference to sense a rocket`s orientation and to set off an ejection charge when the rocket tips over at apogee. A common misconception is that a mercury switch could be used to detect this orientation more easily. A mercury switch uses the Earth`s gravity as a reference and senses down with the blob of mercury. Acceleration due to gravity with the rocket sitting on the launch pad and accelerations while in flight are indistinguishable with the mercury switch. Once the rocket launches, it no longer has the Earth`s gravity as a reference and it will respond to any acceleration or deceleration. After the motor burns out, the rocket will begin to decelerate due to air resistance but the mercury in the switch will keep on moving. This is the same behavior that turning the switch over while standing on the ground would have. In effect, this switch will believe it is upside down and will trigger an ejection charge immediately after motor burnout, not a desirable situation. The Earth`s magnetic field is independent of the rocket`s speed or acceleration. In order to use the magnetic field as a reference, a sensor is desired that will output a voltage proportional to the angle of the sensor relative to the field, V=Vmax cos q. When this voltage falls below a...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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