In order to manufacture large quantities of anything, there needs to be a manufacturing system or process in place. The manufacturing process can be open loop or closed-loop. In an open-loop system, variables are controlled manually. In a closed-loop system, variables are controlled automatically. The majority of applications in industry require a
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closed-loop system. The objective of a closed-loop system is to keep one or more controlled variables equal to the desired set point. The set point is where you would like the measurement to be. The thermostat in your house and the cruise control in your car are common examples of how controllers are used to automatically adjust some variable to hold the measurement at the set point. The controlled variable is the actual variable being monitored and maintained. It is monitored by a measurement device that sends a feedback signal to the error detector. The error detector compares the feedback signal to the set point and creates an error signal that is sent to the controller. The controller determines what action to take in order to match the set point and then sends a signal to the actuator that physically adjusts the manipulated variable. The manipulated variable is the energy that is altered by the actuator. The adjustment of the manipulated variable causes the controlled variable to change to the desired set point. There are many different types of closed-loop systems and they are generally defined by the kind of process or system they control. In industry, PID controllers are common closed-loop controllers. PID stands for Proportional (Gain), Integral (Reset), and Derivative (Rate). The terms Gain, Reset, and Rate are functions that determine how fast the controller will change the output signal. Proportional control is...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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