This report entails the details on the principles and operation of an amplifier known as the Wien Bridge Oscillator. This oscillator was designed as part of a laboratory exercise, which unfortunately I did not get to participate in, therefore, this write will contain more discussion and thoughts on the theoretical aspect behind this model and vari
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ous other types of amplifier models. It is crucial that when constructing an oscillator circuit that it consists of the following two sections: forward gain and positive( feedback= 1G †0. For) the essential oscillation to occur the Barkhausen criteria must be satisfied. A diagram of a basic oscillator circuit can be seen in figure 1. Figure 1 - Diagram including the negative feedback factor courtesy of Lab 3: Design, Construction & Test of a Variable Frequency Sinusoidal Oscillator instruction sheet Barkhausen criteria states that: The magnitude of the loop gain must be 1, the phase shift of the loop gain must be 0G‚ ° or 180G‚ ° plus an integer multiple of 360G‚ °. This criterion is necessary but not sufficient as it only deals with observation based upon a linear circuit. The conventional oscillator is created in order that its amplitude will be controlled when it starts oscillating. In order that a linear circuit may oscillate, the Barkhausen criteria must be met. That is, its loop phase must be one and the phase around the loop must be an integer multiple of 360 degrees. The linear oscillator theory does not explain how the oscillator starts up or the method of determining the amplitude as the linear oscillator can sustain any amplitude. The loop gain is initially larger than unity in practice. All circuits produce noise and a selected range of that noise will be close to the required frequency. The amplitude of the...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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