The above diagram shows the different links to theinputs and outputs of each operational-amplifier from the power source and how each operation amplifier is wired to operate each seperate light emitting diode. Also shows calculations to obtaining each resistor value which is shown in previous blog. The above equipment was used to to supply voltage
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to the sensor input of the oxygen sensor circuit. This was used to test the oxygen sensor circuit by turning one of the dials on the machine which would send different votage signals to the sensor input, depending on the amount of voltage you turned the DC power supply would determine which circuit of the oxygen sensor would operate. This machine was used to simulate the throttle of a vehicle. the higher you turned the dial would simulate you putting your foot down on the accelerator. Starting with a 12 volt power supply voltage flows through the diode which leaves available vlotage of 11. 4 as it causes a 0. 6 voltage dropto the resistor (r5) to the 9. 1volt zener diode and capacitor. the capacitors are put in the circuit to prevent voltage surges and to keep a steady voltage flow. Also from the power supply, after diode it has a connection to the op-amp before the resistor (r5) to pin 4 of the op-amp, that is known as the positive voltage rain of the op-amp. From the zener diode it voltage flows to the next resistor (r6) but because of the zener thier is only 9. 1volts availabe. after the resistor it breaks off to pin 2 of the first op-amp and then pin 5 of the second op-amp, and because of the resistance put in the circuit we have 0. 63 volts available at both pin 2 and pin 5. In a straight connection after r6 and after pin 2 and pin 5 inputs voltage flows to the next resistor (r8) which then connects to pin 10 of the...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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