Sine-square-wave-oscillator
The circuit is designed to generate both sine and square wave outputs for frequencies ranging from below 20 Hz to above 20 kHz. The frequency of oscillation can be easily adjusted by modifying a single resistor, which is a significant advantage compared to Wien-Bridge circuits that require simultaneous tuning of two elements to change the frequency. Additionally, the output amplitude remains relatively stable across different frequencies. An operational amplifier is utilized as a tuned circuit, driven by a square wave generated from a voltage comparator. The frequency is regulated by resistors R1, R2, and R3, along with capacitors C1 and C2, with R3 specifically designated for tuning. Tuning the filter does not influence its gain or bandwidth, ensuring that the output amplitude remains consistent regardless of frequency changes. A comparator receives the sine-wave output to produce a square wave, which is then fed back to the input of the tuned circuit to facilitate oscillation. A Zener diode (D1) stabilizes the amplitude of the square wave sent back to the filter input. The starting process is supported by resistor R6 and capacitor C5, which provide negative feedback around the comparator, keeping it in the active region. Distortion levels range from 0.75% to 2%, depending on the setting of R3. Although a broader tuning range can be achieved by increasing R3 beyond 1 kΩ, this may lead to excessive distortion. Conversely, lowering R3 below 50 Ω can cause the filter to oscillate independently.
The circuit operates by utilizing an operational amplifier configured as a feedback loop to generate oscillations. The frequency of oscillation is primarily determined by the values of R1, R2, C1, and C2, with R3 allowing for fine-tuning. This configuration ensures that the gain and bandwidth of the circuit remain unaffected by frequency adjustments, providing a stable output amplitude.
The sine wave output is first generated and then processed by a comparator, which converts it into a square wave. This square wave is essential for creating the feedback necessary for sustained oscillation within the circuit. The feedback loop involves the square wave being fed back to the input of the tuned circuit, which reinforces the oscillation process.
The Zener diode (D1) plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the output amplitude by clamping the voltage to a predetermined level. This stabilization is vital for ensuring that the circuit operates effectively across the desired frequency range without significant fluctuations in output amplitude.
The starting mechanism of the circuit is facilitated by R6 and C5, which provide the necessary negative feedback to the comparator, ensuring it remains in an active state. This configuration is critical for initiating the oscillation process and maintaining the circuit's functionality.
Distortion levels are an important characteristic of the circuit's performance. The range of distortion from 0.75% to 2% indicates that the circuit can maintain a relatively clean output signal under various tuning conditions. However, it is important to manage the values of R3 carefully, as excessive resistance can introduce distortion, while too low a value can lead to unintentional oscillations. This balance is crucial for achieving optimal performance in applications requiring precise frequency generation.The circuit will provide both a sine-and square-wave output for frequencies from below 20 Hz to above 20 kHz. The frequency of oscillation is easily tuned by varying a single resistor. This is a considerable advantage over Wien-Bridge circuits where two elements must be tuned simultaneously to change frequency.
Also, the output amplitude is relatively stable when the frequency is changed. An amp is used as a tuned circuit, driven by square wave from a voltage comparator. The frequency is controlled by Rl, R2, Cl, C2, and R3, with R3 used for tuning. Tuning the filter does not affect its gain or bandwidth, so the output amplitude does not change with frequency. A comparator is fed with the sine-wave output to obtain a square wave. The square wave is then fed back to the input of the tuned circuit to cause oscillation. Zener diode, Dl, stabilizes the amplitude of the square wave fed back to the filter input. Starting is insured by R6 and C5 which provide de negative feedback around the comparator. This keeps the comparator in the active region. Distortion ranges between 0.75% and 2% depending on the setting of R3. Although greater tuning range can be accomplished by increasing the size of R3 beyond 1 K!l, distortion becomes excessive.
Decreasing R3 lower than 50ohm can make the filter oscillate by itself. 🔗 External reference
The circuit operates by utilizing an operational amplifier configured as a feedback loop to generate oscillations. The frequency of oscillation is primarily determined by the values of R1, R2, C1, and C2, with R3 allowing for fine-tuning. This configuration ensures that the gain and bandwidth of the circuit remain unaffected by frequency adjustments, providing a stable output amplitude.
The sine wave output is first generated and then processed by a comparator, which converts it into a square wave. This square wave is essential for creating the feedback necessary for sustained oscillation within the circuit. The feedback loop involves the square wave being fed back to the input of the tuned circuit, which reinforces the oscillation process.
The Zener diode (D1) plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the output amplitude by clamping the voltage to a predetermined level. This stabilization is vital for ensuring that the circuit operates effectively across the desired frequency range without significant fluctuations in output amplitude.
The starting mechanism of the circuit is facilitated by R6 and C5, which provide the necessary negative feedback to the comparator, ensuring it remains in an active state. This configuration is critical for initiating the oscillation process and maintaining the circuit's functionality.
Distortion levels are an important characteristic of the circuit's performance. The range of distortion from 0.75% to 2% indicates that the circuit can maintain a relatively clean output signal under various tuning conditions. However, it is important to manage the values of R3 carefully, as excessive resistance can introduce distortion, while too low a value can lead to unintentional oscillations. This balance is crucial for achieving optimal performance in applications requiring precise frequency generation.The circuit will provide both a sine-and square-wave output for frequencies from below 20 Hz to above 20 kHz. The frequency of oscillation is easily tuned by varying a single resistor. This is a considerable advantage over Wien-Bridge circuits where two elements must be tuned simultaneously to change frequency.
Also, the output amplitude is relatively stable when the frequency is changed. An amp is used as a tuned circuit, driven by square wave from a voltage comparator. The frequency is controlled by Rl, R2, Cl, C2, and R3, with R3 used for tuning. Tuning the filter does not affect its gain or bandwidth, so the output amplitude does not change with frequency. A comparator is fed with the sine-wave output to obtain a square wave. The square wave is then fed back to the input of the tuned circuit to cause oscillation. Zener diode, Dl, stabilizes the amplitude of the square wave fed back to the filter input. Starting is insured by R6 and C5 which provide de negative feedback around the comparator. This keeps the comparator in the active region. Distortion ranges between 0.75% and 2% depending on the setting of R3. Although greater tuning range can be accomplished by increasing the size of R3 beyond 1 K!l, distortion becomes excessive.
Decreasing R3 lower than 50ohm can make the filter oscillate by itself. 🔗 External reference