protection against reverse voltage. The 10mfd provides additional DC filtering. The CD4007 is configured as a flip-flop( )controlled by the foot switch. The output of the flip-flop drives the indicator The 18v appears to go through a 100k resistor, then to each of the non-inverting inputs and associated resistor of each opamp, with the exception o
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f the 2nd LFO opamp. Why of two 100k resistors. This provides a +9v bias point for the non-inverting inputs (+). Most opamps are designed to run on a split power supply with equal single ended power supply(+18v) you must bias the opamps to the middle of the supply voltage. This allows the opamp to follow AC voltage swings on the input referenced to this bias point. Notice that the 100k voltage divider is decoupled with a 10mfd cap to ground (0v). If the opamps input was connected directly to this point you would have an direct path to ground for AC signals (a short). Therefore no sound! The non-inverting inputs are connected to this bias point through the 100k resistors. This isolates the ac signal from the AC ground and sets the input impedance of the circuit. Notice there are some exceptions to this, the second stage of the LFO, the output mixer amp and the input buffer. The input buffer is biased through a 470k resistor. This keeps the input impedance around 500k to prevent loading of the input (guitar). The output mixer is using the inverting input to sum the signals from the input buffer and the phase delayed signal. The bias voltage can be input directly to the non-inverting input without shunting the AC signals. BTW this means this effect output is 180 degrees out of phase with the input. Finally the 2nd LFO opamp is biased from the output of the first stage. The DC voltage applied to the first stage non-inverting...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
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The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
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In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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