Magnetic reconnection refers to the local breaking of magnetic field lines and subsequent change in the global topology of the magnetic field in the presence of plasmas or conducting fluids. During this process, magnetic field lines of opposite polarity are convected toward each other by fluid flow in the so-called diffusion region. This region is centered around a neutral
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magnetic line, across which the reconnecting component of the magnetic field changes sign. In the diffusion region, the "frozen-in" condition of ideal MagnetoHydroDynamics (MHD) equations is broken. The magnetic field can diffuse through the plasma allowing the annihilation of opposite directed magnetic field lines and conversion of magnetic field energy into Ohmic heating and particle acceleration. During the last four decades, a large effort has been devoted to study magnetic reconnection in plasmas since it is considered to play a crucial role in a variety of different astrophysical and laboratory phenomena. Examples are in the evolution of solar flares, in the dynamics of the earth magnetosphere and in the redistribution of the energy in the universe. In magnetically confined laboratory plasmas for fusion research, a major role is played by magnetic reconnection in determining the dynamics of relaxation processes, such as sawtooth oscillations and major disruptions in tokamaks or dynamo effects in Reversed Field Pinches. Early 3D laboratory experiments on magnetic reconnection provided detailed measurements of the relaxation to a force-free state produced by the coalescence of two current channels inthe LPD linear device. Interacting current channels were produced by coating a large cathode source nonuniformly and then biasing it with respect to an external anode. Although 3D features of magnetic reconnection were...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
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This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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