It is one of the most popular type of oscillators used in audio and sub-audio frequency ranges (20 20 kHz). This type of oscillator is simple in design, compact in size, and remarkably stable in its frequency output. Furthermore, its output is relatively free from distortion and its fre quency can be varied easily. However, the maximum freque
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ncy output of a typical Wien bridge oscillator is only about 1 MHz. This is also, in fact, a phase-shift oscillator. It employs two transistors, each producing a phase shift of 180 °, and thus producing a total phase-shift of 360 ° or 0 °. It is essentially a two-stage amplifier with an R-C bridge circuit. R-C bridge circuit (Wien bridge) is a lead-lag network. The phase`-shift across the network lags with increasing frequency and leads with decreasing frequency. By adding Wien-bridge feedback network, the oscillator becomes sensitive to a signal of only one particular frequency. This particular frequency is that at which Wien bridge is balanced and for which the phase shift is 0 °. If the Wien-bridge feedback network is not employed and output of transistor Q2 is fedback to transistor Q1 for providing regeneration re quired for producing oscillations, the transistor Q1 will amplify signals over a wide range of frequencies and thus direct coupling would result in poor frequency stability. Thus by em ploying Wien-bridge feedback network frequency stability is increased. This bridge circuit can be used as feedback network for an oscillator, provided that the phase shift through the amplifier is zero. This requisite condition is achieved by using a two stage amplifier, as illustrated in the figure. In this arrangement the output of the second stage is supplied back to the feedback network and the voltage across the parallel...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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