This single IC circuit which is based on the Wien Bridge Oscillator, produces low distortion sine waves in the range of 15 Hz up to 22KHz in two ranges. The two output voltage ranges are from about 0-250mV and 0-2. 5Vrms. The image to the right shows an actual 1KHz output signal from the generator. The schematic below shows a TL082 dual operational
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amplifier being used as an oscillator and buffer amp. Signals at the output are adequate enough to drive eight ohm phones. Standby current drain is about 6mA from each battery. Two output jacks are provided for convenience The gain of this circuit is controlled by lamp L1 and resistors R1, R2. As the values of these resistors is raised, there is less negative feedback and thus, the circuit oscillates better up to a point where it becomes distorted. Lowering the values of R1 and R2 too much will cause the circuit to stop oscillating. The general rule is that you want the cold ohmic value of the lamp to be about 1/3 the value of the resistor combination R1, R2. This lamp measures 105 ohms cold and it was found that resistance values of 216 ohms just allowed the circuit to oscillate, while 416 ohms and up caused signal clipping. Thus a total value of 363 ohms was settled upon (330 ohms + 33 ohms). During oscillation, the lamp heats up a bit and its value raises to stabilize the circuit`s gain. Meanwhile, frequency is determined by pot R5 and the associated capacitors. It is the feedback to the positive input through these RC networks that causes oscillation at a particular frequency. The formula f=1 over 6. 28 x R x C may be used to determine oscillating frequency, should you wish other ranges. R3 and R4 simply limit the high end of each frequency range. For high output LEDs, use a 4. 7K resistor for R6. For standard LEDs,...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
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In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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