The parallel interface transfers data 8 bits (or more) at the same time, using eight separate wires. It is essentially an extension of the data bus into the outside world. The parallel interface is ideal for inputting or outputting data from devices that are either on or off. For example, a single limit switch uses only one input bit, and an on-of
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f signal to a motor requires only one output bit. These 1-bit signals are called logic variables, and eight such signals can be provided from a single (8-bit) port. This concept In other applications, the controller may use a parallel interface to connect to an analog device ”for example, driving a variable-speed DC motor. In such a case, the binary output of the controller must first be converted into an analog voltage before it can drive the motor. This operation is performed by a special circuit called a digital-toanalog converter. The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a circuit that converts a digital word into an analog voltage. It is not within the scope of this text to describe the internal workings of the DAC, but a general understanding of the operating parameters is appropriate. Figure 2. 5 shows the block diagram of a typical 8-bit DAC. The input is an 8-bit digital word. The output is a current that is proportional to the binary input value and must be converted to a voltage with an op-amp. A stable reference voltage (Vref) must be supplied to the DAC. This voltage defines the maximum analog voltage ”that is, for a digital input of 11111111, Vout is essentially Vref. If the input is 00000000, the Vout will be 0 Vdc. For all values in between, the output voltage is a linear percentage of Vref. Specifically, the output voltage for any digital input (for the 8-bit DAC) is An important consideration of...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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