SMPS design and analysis requires an understanding of many different areas of study. This article is intended to help the reader become familiar with the several different SMPS topologies, and their general performance characteristics. The major information is contained in the referenced articles. Dependent on who does the classification, several different switching converter types may be enumerated.
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These may include the familiar Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Cuuk, forward converter and flyback converter. Also listed are full-bridge, half bridge, ferro-resonant converters, as well a power factor correction converters and perhaps even a few others! The references provide descriptions and operational information on many of these circuits as well as the more familiar ones. It is expected that the interested person will have downloaded and read those documents and is familiar with the operation and characteristics of these converters. Modern SMPS designs are feedback control systems. One might think at first that familiar stability analysis tools could be used; however this is not the case. The typical SPICE stability analysis centers about determination of the AC phase - gain characteristics. However, SPICE calculates an AC small signal model about the DC operating point of a network. Where is the operating point of a switching transistor varying between hard on and hard off SMPS designs represent an extreme analysis problem. At one level, the converter is switching at frequencies reaching into the hundreds of kilohertz, however, its performance requirements are dependent on feedback shaping circuits and load filtering with long time constants. Often much analysis time is required to reach the steady state conditions. Having reached these steady state conditions, if now the load is step changed, or other conditions occur,...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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