Two dual-biquad filter chips and some external components form a multipurpose filter to reconstru
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ct D/A converter signals. Connected to a converter"s output, the filter provides antialiasing, reduces the D/A converter"s quantization noise, and compensates for sin(7rx)()—the "sync" function (attenuation). The circuit incorporates an inverse-sync function that operates to one-third of the converter"s sample rate. Beyond one-third, the filter"s response shifts to a stopband filter, which provides -70 dB attenuation. This attenuation conforms to the converter"s inherent signal-to-noise ratio and quantization error. To prevent aliasing, the stopband edge must be no higher than the Nyquist frequency (/„ + 2). To achieve 70-dB stopband rejection with this eighth-order filter requires a transition ratio (/stopband -K/passband) of 1.5, which sets the passband"s upper limit at fs +3. Notice also that you can apply a simple divide-by-64 circuit to the 192-kHz clock frequency to set the necessary 3 ratio between the converter"s sample rate and the filter"s 1-kHz corner frequency.
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
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The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
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In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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