A form of relaxation oscillator which comprises two stages that are coupled so that the input of one is derived from the output of the other. Basically two amplifiers cross-coupled with regenerative feedback, in it`s most simplistic form. One of the amplifiers is always conducting while the other amplifier is in cut off.In this case both amplifier circuits are contained within a single
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555 IC. However the 555 integrated circuit contains a great many transistors. In this case the 555 timer below is configured as an Astable multivibrator with the output having a 50% duty cycle, a square wave [t1 and t2 are equal time periods]. The Astable multivibrator circuit has no stable state. With no external signal applied, the internal transistors alternately switch from cutoff to saturation at a frequency determined by the RC time constants of the coupling circuits. So an Astable multivibrator is an oscillator which could either be used as a pulse generator or square-wave generator depending on the value of the resistor and capacitors used in the circuit. This particular circuit will produce a 50% duty cycle if R1 is set to 51k ohms and R2 is set to 22k ohms, because the capacitor will charge via R1 and discharge via R2. The capacitor C1 then sets the frequency of operation. The normally connected 555 acts as a Astable multivibrator but will not generate a 50% duty cycle because the capacitor charges through both resistors but only discharges through one of the resistors. For reference an Astable multivibrator is shown above. Note the difference in resistor connections. A related transistor circuit configured as a Transistor Astable multivibrator. Note that this circuit will not oscillate if RB is greater than 1/2 RA because the junction of RA and RB cannot bring pin 2 down to 1/3 VCC and trigger the lower...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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