A clock-and-data recovery (CDR) circuit is used to both recover the clock from a transmitted data stream and re-time that data with the recovered clock. Such circuits are typically placed at the front-end of receiver chips to recover the clock from data sent from a transmitter chip across a backplane or other channel. This project presents a fully
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-analog CDR that uses phase interpolation to adjust the phase of a locally generated 5GHz clock to align with the phase of an incoming 5Gb/s data stream. A binary phase detector performs two functions: (1) re-times the incoming data stream with the recovered clock; (2) compares the phase of the data and recovered clock, generating differential up and down pulses. These pulses are converted to DC values by a differential charge pump and loop filter. A voltage-to-current converter converts these voltages to differential currents that fed to a phase interpolator (PI) controller. The PI controller determines the smaller of the two currents using a comparator and generates four steering currents. These currents are fed to two phase interpolators and control the degree of interpolation applied to the four-phase (i. e. , differential in-phase and quadrature) locally-generated 5GHz clock. These phase-adjusted clocks are then buffered and fed back to the phase detector as the 5GHz recovered clocks, thereby completing the feedback loop. A block diagram of the CDR is shown in Fig. 1. By adjusting only the local clock`s phase (and not its frequency), all data channels in a receiver can share a single PLL, thus significantly reducing area and power consumption. The phase detector, shown in Fig. 2 samples the data using three parallel master-slave flip-flops constructed with current-mode logic (CML) latches, one of which is shown in Fig....
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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