Figure shows the V-I curve for a typical solar panel (Sharp ND-224U1F), and output power under different lighting conditions. The solar panel behaves like a constant current source at high current, and like a voltage source at low current. The transition region is where the highest power can be obtained. The voltage and particularly the current at the optimum point vary considerably
Click here to download the full size of the above Circuit.
with the amount of light incident to the panel. The solar panel is typically used to charge batteries since solar energy is only available during the day, but typical electrical power usage extends during dark periods. On cloudy days, limited power may be available even at mid-day. Therefore, an optimized battery charger must be able to determine the "maximum power point" (MPP) of the panel under the current condition and adjust the load to match it, keeping in mind that the MPP varies during the day as a function of the amount of available light and the panel`s temperature. Fortunately, switching regulators of the type used in high efficiency battery chargers can vary the load while maintaining the proper output voltage for battery charging. It continuously monitors the panel`s output power while modulating the load by a small amount. When the power increases as the load is increased, the controller increases the average load. When the power does not change between the two load values, the panel is operating across the MPP. See figure 2 below. In the figure above, points P1 and P2 correspond to non-optimized operation. The current is high, but the delivered power is less than it would be if the load was a little lighter (less current and more voltage). When the charger operates between points P1 and P2, the unequal power levels drive the controller to a lower average load (lower current) in order to increase the delivered...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
characters left: