Microcontrollers are integrated circuits which consists of microprocessor with additional units like memories, input/output units (peripherals), etc. With this way of implementation, microcontrollers provide savings in time and space, and of course money. Abbreviated way of marking the microcontrollers is MCU (Microcontroller Unit), µC, or uC. In general, microcontrollers are designed so
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that they can execute a lot of different tasks, which provides an opportunity for their use in various devices. The function or the task that microcontroller executes depends on the program which is written (recorded) in it. The application of the microcontrollers is wide, from the toys, cars, industry, etc. In fact, one microcontroller can consists of different components. However, every microcontroller consists of several basic blocks, which are necessary for its normal functioning. Typical block-diagram of a microcontroller with its basic components is shown on the Picture 1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of the microcontroller. The CPU is connecting element between the rest of the units of the MCU and it coordinate their work. The main function of the CPU consists of three phases and these three phases are: catch, decode and execute. In other words, the program which is written in the MCU consists of programming instructions and the task of the CPU is to find the current instruction (catch), then to decode it, because every programming instruction is coded, and finally, after decoding the instruction (that means that the CPU now knows which instruction is that) CPU needs to execute the instruction. So, the executing of the program which is written in the MCU is nothing else, but executing the programming instructions which the program consists of, successively, one after another. From the other side,...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
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The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
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In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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