Crystal Oscillators

Transistors are increasingly being utilized in various applications. Many circuits employing transistors have been developed based on previous designs that used vacuum tubes. The following chapters present unique applications that leverage the advantageous properties of transistors. The described circuits...

In this application, a BA1404 is utilized to generate an FM MPX baseband signal. This signal modulates a crystal oscillator (Q3) through a dual varactor series modulator. This transmitter can be used to play CD audio on an existing...

Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are available in various sizes and configurations, including their pinouts. Many of these displays require the manufacturer's documentation for proper usage, which is often difficult to locate when needed. Consequently, a small tester designed to identify...

Understanding how quartz-crystal resonators operate can lead to designing crystal oscillators with improved stability and better noise performance. Quartz-crystal resonators function based on the piezoelectric effect, where mechanical stress applied to a quartz crystal generates an electrical charge. This property...

Unlike conventional small-signal methods, employing large-signal, time-domain design techniques facilitates the development of low-noise grounded-base oscillators suitable for VHF/UHF applications. The implementation of large-signal, time-domain design techniques in the creation of grounded-base oscillators represents a significant advancement in the field...

A number of simple FM devices, without the use of a crystal, demonstrate how power and frequency depend on various factors, including supply voltage and stage design. The oscillator stage of these transmitters is broadly termed "voltage dependent," as...