Other Circuits
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The circuit lowers this dissipation after actuation by applying less than the normal 5V operating voltage. Note that the voltage required to turn a relay on the pickup voltage is greater than the pickup voltage required to keep in on the dropout voltage. The.... -
Typical circuit representative of those used in most light switch type digital timers. The timer module is normally a PIC or custom chip, and it syncs to the AC line so that a trigger pulse can be supplied at the right moment... -
In an effort to conserve energy, simple shutdown schemes are incorporated into many battery-operated circuits. Not all circuits lend themselves to direct control, however, and instead the supply must be turned off by a switch. The LTC®1477 high side....
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Most portable systems have built-in PCMCIA sockets as the sole means of expansion. The requirements of the PCMCIA specification have led to some confusion among system designers. This Design Note will attempt to lessen the confusion and highlight other....
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The circuit of the mains current detector is shown in Figure 1. By using a few cheap diodes, a resistor, LED and LDR, a simple opto-isolated detector can be created. This entire circuit dissipates very low power, and can safely be housed in a heatshrink.... -
You can easily improve on a previous Design Idea to produce a slightly simpler resistor arrangement with better timing balance between switches, using a single resistor value (Reference 1, Figure 1). The use of a single resistor value, RS, in a series chain....
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Circuits that latch one-of-N switches usually use a digital approach. Such circuits are often useful in human-interface situations, such as audio-mixing consoles, video-feed selection, or current-loop-control redundancy systems. In high-precision analog....
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Digitally controlled potentiometers are useful for generating analog control voltages under the control of a microcontroller. In some applications, manual pushbutton switches could replace a microcontroller and simplify product design. Mechanical switches....
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At times, a µC must read a large number of DIP switches, such as for system identification, bus-address setup, manual configuration, or other purposes. However, the available number of I/O lines is sometimes not enough to assign a switch to each one. You can....
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Some machines need to run for long periods and therefore may finish their work in the middle of the night or during the weekend. For the time remaining, until the operator returns, the machines stay idle, uselessly consuming power. This Design Idea allows a....
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Designers of microcontroller-based products that require a keypad for user data entry can select from dedicating an input line for each key, continuously polling the keypad`s x and y lines, or generating an interrupt whenever a user presses a key. Although....
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Many power-supply designers like to have a regulator latch off in the event of an overcurrent situation or other fault condition. Yet, many PWM controllers do not internally support this latch-off function. Most do, however, have a power-good output and an....
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The Car shows the distance a train travels on a 5 digit LCD display. The distance is indicated down to 1/100th of a mile (about the length of a 50 foot car) with an accuracy of approximately plus 2 percent using a standard 33 inch freight car wheel..... -
Here`s how you can make an electronic speed controler (ESC) for your remote control car, boat or even an airplane using an old servo and some MOSFETS. Please note that this ESC has a very limited control range. Meanining that it will act almost like but.... -
It can safely charge a 7-cell RC2000 pack in about 14 minutes, and an RC2400 or CP2400SCR pack in about 17 minutes. As a NiCd cell is being charged, two things happen which affect its temperature. Due to resistive losses within the cell, some of the charging.... -
The charger described in this article can charge packs of 4 to 7 cells with capacities ranging from 600mAh to 2Ah. The charger automatically begins charging when a pack is connected. It charges at a (nearly) constant current (adjustable), and terminates the.... -
This is a single channel (on / off) universal switch that may be used with any Infra Red remote control using 36-38kHz. (This is a very common remote handset frequency). Any "button" of any remote control may be used to work this universal switch. The button.... -
I leave it to the reader to supply their own power supply. I am using a supply from an old external SCSI drive. My cutter runs from the five volt supply and 25cm of nichrome wire pulls about 900mA or 4.5 watts. That is actually running a little hot and I....
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Hot wire foam cutters are used by hobbyists of all stripes to contour Styrofoam into a vast array of shapes for a wide variety of uses. Model railroad builders shape foam into landscapes. RC plane builders shape foam into aircraft wings and fuselages..... -
M½´rklin`s signal braking module, number 72441, solves this problem by introducing a short transition track between ordinary and braking section, and additionally offers a emergency stop section with cut off power in case a loco does not brake in appropriate....
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It was designed for use on a "The London Model Railroad Group`s" large O scale layout located at London, Ontario, Canada. The prime requirements for the club throttles were that they be rugged, reliable and produce as little heat as possible. Throttles of.... -
The overall design went through a number of design changes as I tried one option after another and in the end, the simplest one won out. I had tried to utilize all electronic (no relay) circuitry but creating the high power circuits was too much of a....
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Double-tone Police sound Single-tone old ambulance sound This circuit is intended for children fun, and can be installed on bicycles, battery powered cars and motorcycles, but also on models and various games and toys. With SW1 positioned as shown in the.... -
A relay-based on/off controller on the other hand can be very efficient. A typical relay has a contact resistance of 3 milliOhm. At 20A, this translates to a voltage drop of 0.06 volts, with a power loss of 1.2W. The relay itself typically consumes around.... -
The drawings and photos below are for an operating incline railway that was built by the London Model Railroad Group for its `O` scale model railway club located at London, Ontario, Canada. This is a single car model loosely based on a double car incline.... -
I have received countless emails asking for a circuit to tell the user which car won in a pine car (also called Pinewood Derby, Cub Car, Scout Car, etc.) race. This simple circuit takes care of the guesswork, lighting the appropriate LED to indicate the.... -
Eight LED`s are used to indicate the pad currently selected. These LED`s are connected to a decade counter, which sequences the LED`s when it receives a clock pulse.Only one LED can be lit at a time from the decade counter, so although this circuit contains.... -
This launch controller can be used with low voltage battery igniters, which fire rocket engines in model rockets such as the Estes range. These circuits are electrical, only switches and contacts are involved. First the circuit for a single rocket... -
This photocell is best mounted at tie level between the rails. The variable resistor adjusts the sensitivity of the circuit. This circuit can be powered by either 6 or 12 volts - BE SURE to use the proper relay;.. -
This electronic speed control (ESC) for brushed motors combines the features of two of my earlier designs. One was a high-rate 30A ESC with a brake, and the other a high-rate 12A ESC with a BEC (receiver battery eliminator circuit)... -
This design is based on one published by Milan Lulic in the German magazine elektroModell. Mr. Lulic`s design is for surface mount technology (SMT) construction, whereas mine uses standard off-the-shelf components, and is therefore better suited to.... -
If you are interested in model aeroplanes and have the capital, a radio controlled electric park flyer is a must have. An RC aeroplane under 400 grams floats around like the rubber models of my youth and contact with the ground doesn`t seems to involve that....
New Circuits
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This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of.... -
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is.... -
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to.... -
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This.... -
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the.... -
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,.... -
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the.... -
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power.... -
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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