Experimental Pendulum Clock

This design allows for the construction of an electromagnetically impulsed pendulum clock with a 1-second beat. The prototype features a pendulum rod measuring 115 cm in length, with a bob adjusted to achieve a 1-second beat. The pendulum is suspended from a short piece of mainspring from a watch, which is affixed to a vertical backboard using a 6 mm screw. The rod extends approximately 15 cm below the bob and is equipped with large washers at its lower end. For the pendulum to maintain a 1-second beat, there must be a distance of 99.4 cm between the support and the center of mass of the pendulum. A 5 mm wide white reflector is positioned between the bob and the lower end, facing backward. Below the rod, 15 mm to the left, is the impulse solenoid, which contains a core but lacks an actuator. The circuit is divided into four components: (1) the sensor; (2) the counter and solenoid driver; (3) the clock driver; and (4) the clock. The sensor is constructed on a small piece of strip board and is aligned with the center line of the backboard behind the reflector. It employs a Sharp IS471F infrared modulated detector (Farnell cat. 414-2860) to minimize interference from external light sources. The infrared emitter (IRLED1) should be positioned near the detector (IRDET1) but shielded from it. The emitter transmits a coded signal towards the reflector. As the pendulum crosses the center line, it reflects the signal back to the detector, which then produces a negative-going output pulse on pin 2. This pulse causes the surface-mount LED (LED1) to flash once and sends a signal to the counter and clock driver circuits on the main circuit board. Pulses from the sensor are input into IC1, a 4020 14-stage ripple counter. The counter's output (pin 6) goes high every 128 counts (seconds). These long duration pulses are inverted by transistor Q1 and differentiated by a 10 nF capacitor and a 22 kΩ resistor, generating a narrow trigger pulse for a 7555 CMOS timer (IC2). The 7555 is configured as a monostable, driving the base of transistor Q3 with a relatively short pulse width suitable for energizing the impulse solenoid. LED2 flashes in sync with the solenoid pulses and can be mounted directly on the solenoid as a visual indicator. A pushbutton switch (S2) is utilized to provide gentle starting pulses to initiate smooth pendulum movement. Switch S1 resets the counter to zero. With this configuration, the pendulum is set into motion, and when it is to the left of center, S1 is pressed. Consequently, the pendulum oscillates right to left on even-numbered counts. At the 128th count, the solenoid provides a gentle pull to the left as the pendulum passes through the center line and moves right to left. The solenoid's position below the pendulum is adjusted to ensure a gentle nudge rather than a jolt. The clock driver circuit also derives its timing from the sensor's output. Negative-going pulses from the sensor are inverted by Q4 before being fed into a 4013 flip-flop. On the output side, pins 12 and 13 alternate between high states every second. These pulses are too lengthy to directly drive the clock coil, so they are logically "anded" with the short pulses from the sensor using two gates of a 4093 NAND Schmitt trigger (IC4). The outputs from these gates then drive an adapted quartz clock movement. A standard quartz movement can be modified by isolating the coil and removing the battery. Refer to SILICON CHIP, Dec. 1996, page 38 for comprehensive instructions or October 2001 page 37 for brief notes. This is an experimental clock, and various solenoids may need to be tested to find one that functions effectively. If necessary, the duration of the solenoid pulse can be adjusted by changing the timing components of IC2. If the suspension is excessively stiff, consider impulsing at 64 beats from pin 4 of IC1, although the goal is to achieve the freest possible pendulum movement. Historical clocks such as the Synchronome and Hipp were impulsed at 30-second intervals, suggesting that this clock may achieve even better performance. In the prototype, the reflector was crafted from the back of an adhesive cable clip affixed to the pendulum rod, with the white back masked to create a 5 mm wide central vertical strip, ensuring clean, short pulses as the pendulum moves. The current drain is several milliamps, prompting the use of an SLA battery powered by a float charger. A pendulum that beats in seconds is referred to as a Royal pendulum, with a length equivalent to that of a typical long case (grandfather) clock.Using this design, you can construct an electromagnetically impulsed pendulum clock with a 1-second beat. On the prototype, the pendulum rod is 115cm long with a bob adjusted to make it beat every second. It is suspended on a short piece of mainspring from a watch, which is attached to a vertical backboard with a 6mm screw.

The rod extends some 15 cm below the bob and is fitted with large washes at the lower end. Note that for a pendulum to beat in seconds, there must be 99. 4cm distance between the support and the centre of mass of the pendulum. Between the bob and the lower end is a 5mm wide white reflector facing back. Below the rod and 15mm to the left is the impulse solenoid, with a core but no actuator attached. The circuit comprises of four parts: (1) the sensor; (2) the counter and solenoid driver; (3) the clock driver; and (4) the clock. The sensor is built on its own small piece of strip board and is located on the centre line of the backboard behind the reflector.

It utilises a Sharp IS471F infrared modulated detector (Farnell cat. 414-2860) to eliminate interference from external light sources. The infrared emitter (IRLED1) must be mounted near to the detector (IRDET1) but be masked from it. The emitter radiates a coded signal toward the reflector. As the pendulum passes the centre line it reflects the signal back to the detector, which then gives a negative-going output pulse on pin 2. This makes the surface-mount LED (LED1) flash once. It also sends a signal to the counter and clock driver circuits on the main circuit board. Pulses from the sensor are fed into IC1, a 4020 14-stage ripple counter. The counter`s output (pin 6) goes high every 128 counts (seconds). These long duration pulses are inverted by transistor Q1 and differentiated by the 10nF capacitor and 22kO resistor, providing a narrow trigger pulse for a 7555 CMOS timer (IC2).

The 7555 is wired as a monostable, driving the base of transistor Q3 with a relatively short pulse width suitable for energising the impulse solenoid. LED2 flashes in unison with solenoid pulses, and can be mounted right on the solenoid as a visual aid.

Pushbutton switch S2 is used to provide gentle starting pulses to get the pendulum swinging smoothly at the outset. Switch S1 resets the counter to zero. With this arrangement, the pendulum is set swinging and when it is to the left of centre, S1is pushed.

Thus, the pendulum moves right to left on even numbered counts. At the 128th count, the solenoid gives a shot pull to the left just as the pendulum is passing through the centre line and moving right to left. The distance of the solenoid below the pendulum is adjusted so that it does not jerk the pendulum but adds a gentle nudge.

The clock driver circuit also derives its timing from the output of the sensor. Negative-going pulses from the sensor are inverted by Q4 before being fed into a 4013 flipflop. On the output side, pins 12 & 13 go high in turn for one second. These pulses are too long to directly drive the clock coil, so they`re logically "anded" with the short pulses from the sensor using two gates of a 4093 NAND Schmitt trigger (IC4). The outputs from these gates then drive an adapted quartz clock movement. A suitable clock can be made from a standard quartz movement by isolating the coil and removing the battery.

See SILICON CHIP, Dec. 1996, page 38 for full instructions or October 2001 page 37 for brief notes. This is an experimental clock so you may have to try various solenoids to find one that works for you. If necessary, the solenoid pulse duration can be changed by varying IC2`s timing components. If the suspension is too stiff, try impulsing at 64 beats from pin 4 of IC1, but note that the aim is to get the freest pendulum movement possible.

The Synchronome and Hipp clocks were impulsed at 30-second intervals, so your clock could be even better. In the prototype, the reflector was made from the back of an adhesive cable clip snapped on to the pendulum rod.

The white back was masked to give a 5mm wide central vertical strip, giving clean, short pulses as the pendulum passes. Current drain is several milliamps, so the prototype was powered from an SLA battery fed from a float charger.

A pendulum beating in seconds is called a Royal pendulum. Its length is the same as one in a typical long case (grandfather) clock. 🔗 External reference