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One of the limitations affecting all real amplifiers is the finite signal bandwidth. This implies that any amplifier constructed or utilized has an upper limit to the range of sinewave frequencies it can amplify. Consequently, high-frequency signals may not...
Three second-order filters are illustrated: low pass, high pass, and bandpass. Each filter will attenuate frequencies outside their passband at a rate of 12 dB per octave, which corresponds to a reduction of one-quarter of the voltage amplitude for...
The article presents a circuit that can be used for indicating the riding speed of a bicycle. The bicycle speedometer circuit explained here utilizes standard components such as transistors and LEDs to effectively display a clear 10-step, accurately calibrated...
Generating sine waves with controlled frequencies over a wide range is challenging when using RC or LC sinusoidal oscillators. However, this can be effectively achieved using a wideband digital square wave oscillator, a counter, and a weighted summing network....
The disadvantages of pi-filters include higher costs, increased weight, larger size, and the external magnetic field generated by the series inductor. These issues can be mitigated by substituting the series inductor with a series resistor, referred to as an...
There is a class of filter known as "all-pass" that does not alter the amplitude response but only the phase. Although this may initially seem insignificant, like many circuits developed over the years, it can be quite useful. Filters...
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