A device used to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies is called function generator. The most common wave forms are square, sawtooth, triangular or sine wave shapes (drawn from top to bottom). The drawing shows an integrator circuit. There is a negative feedback provided by the capacitor, hence the poten
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tial at the inverting and the non inverting input is held equal by the operational amplifier. The non inverting input is connected to ground, while the inverting input is connected to the input clamp of the circuit through R1. If the input clamp is connected to ground, the difference in potential between the inverting and the non inverting input is zero volts, hence the resulting output voltage of the operational amplifier is zero volts, too. Both plates of the capacitor are at the same potential. Furthermore both sides of the resistor are at the same potential, hence no current is running through the device and the state of the circuit is stable. If the input clamp of the circuit is connected to the positive supply voltage, the capacitor gets charged via R1, hence the potential at the inverting input would increase, but caused by the negative feedback, the voltage at the output clamp of the operational amplifier is decreasing in such a way, that the potential at the inverting input is kept at those of the non-inverting input, which it the ground level. While the left side of R1 is connected to the positive supply voltage and the right side of R1 is kept on ground by the operational amplifier, the voltage drop across the device and so the current through R1 and C1 is constant. There is a linear correlation between the voltage across the capacitor and the time passing by. Remember that the current and the capacitance are...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
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In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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