This circuit uses the LM358 operational amplifiers (or any single supply op amp) to generate a pulse-width modulated signal. In most cases, I would just use a microcontroller to generate PWM signals. Unfortunately, the circuit was designed for a local marine repair company which requested the circuit to be easily repairable and built without the n
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eed of an external programmer, etc. Since this is rail to rail design, a reference voltage (changed using potentiometer RV1`) has to be placed on the non inverting pins of the U2A` op-amp. The R8 resistor and C4 capacitor acts as a low pass filter which will filter some a the high frequency spikes and smooth the transition peak. I believe this portion of the circuit is optional but I just added it to make the triangle signal looks nice on my oscilloscope. Unfortunately, I have forgotten to take a picture of the completed PCB board and the working prototype. However, I did took a picture of the 3 Amp solenoid actuator which was tested on.
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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