understanding simple transistor circuits using emitter as common termination

This is a water sensor circuit design based on a Conductive Liquid Level Sensor. This single-chip circuit is compact and simple. It is an AC-excited fluid level sensor, which uses alternating current to provide biasing for the sensor probe,...

The Tesla coil described here can generate 25,000 V. Although the output current is low, caution is essential. The primary component is a flyback transformer sourced from a discarded television. A new primary winding is required. Begin by winding...

This simple telephone switching system is designed by Dr. Mustafa Kemal Peker for training purposes. All responsibility belongs to the user. Schematic and circuit details are included. The telephone switching system designed for training purposes serves as an educational tool...

An old RC car is available, but it lacks the transmitter. A custom receiver/transmitter has been built using a microcontroller and a 2.4 GHz transceiver. However, there is uncertainty regarding the functionality of the car's original H-Bridge circuit. The H-Bridge...

The capability to control lights and fans wirelessly has transitioned from an expensive luxury to widely accessible consumer solutions. Nevertheless, creating a custom solution remains an engaging project for hobbyists and tinkerers. RobotGrrl has developed user-friendly libraries aimed at...

A low-cost and straightforward repellent circuit can be utilized for deterring rats, mice, and other animals, as illustrated in the electronic figure below. The circuit employs a CMOS integrated circuit of type 4047, which functions as a relaxation oscillator....