Voltage is transformed by the transformer turns ratio N2/N1. For instance if 20VAC secondary voltage is required with 120VAC input, a 6:1 ratio would be needed. When full load current is drawn from the secondary winding, the voltage may drop from 5 to 25%, this effect is known as voltage regulation. Addition of a thermal fuse to the primary circuit
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insures safe operation in the event of an output short circuit or overload. Capacitor C1 will charge up to 1. 414 times the RMS secondary voltage minus the diode drop. Applying a loading current will cause the output voltage to drop by about 20 to 30%, the percentage drop is referred to as the voltage regulation. The circuit shown uses a center-tapped winding and 2 diodes, a non- center-tapped winding with 4 diodes is probably the most common configuration. Unregulated DC power supplied from C1 powers the linear regulator. The regulator will precisely control the output voltage for critical circuit applications. Capacitor C2 is used to prevent oscillations in the regulator, it also improves regulator transient response characteristics. When the voltage at C1 minus the minimum regulator drop falls below the output voltage rating, the regulator is at the low-line point. This type of regulator utilizes hi frequency switching techniques to minimize transformer size and maximize efficiency. Various converter topologies are the forward, boost, flyback and resonant. The flyback converter shown at left uses PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) circuitry to regulate the output. By modulating the switch at a fixed frequency with a given duty cycle the output voltage can be expressed as: The most common charging technique is the C/10 charger. C is the Amp/HR capacity of the battery. This type of charger requires approximately 12 to 14 hours...
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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