Flickering Light II

This circuit effectively simulates various light sources such as a house fire, campfire, or welding light without the use of a microcontroller, although it requires a considerable number of components, including some uncommon ones. It is based on three oscillators constructed using unijunction transistors (UJTs), each operating at a different frequency. The mixed output voltages create a flickering effect. A unijunction transistor consists of an n-type silicon bar with two ohmic base contacts (B1 and B2). The effective resistance is regulated by the p-type emitter region. The term "transistor" is somewhat misleading, as UJTs are not suitable for linear amplification but are effective as pulse generators, monostable multivibrators, trigger elements, and pulse-width modulators. When a positive voltage is applied to the emitter (E), the capacitor charges through a resistor. Once the emitter voltage reaches approximately half the supply voltage (56-75% for a 2N2645), the UJT triggers, discharging the capacitor through base B1 and the resistor, generating a positive pulse. The UJT then returns to a non-conducting state, and this cycle repeats periodically. The frequency can be estimated using the formula f = 1/(RC), and it remains independent of the supply voltage (which should not exceed 35 V). The maximum emitter blocking voltage is 30 V, and the maximum permissible emitter current is 50 mA. Resistor values R1, R2, and R3 can range from 3 kΩ to 500 kΩ, and a trimpot can be used instead of a fixed resistor to vary the frequency over a 100:1 range. The outputs from the three pulse generators are mixed and connected to the IR diode of a triac optocoupler via R4. The optocoupler (MOC3020, K3030P, or MCP3020) can handle a maximum load current of 100 mA. The triac triggers irregularly, producing the desired flickering light in two small lamps (L1 and L2) connected in series to the transformer secondary. The flickering effect can be enhanced using a MOC3040, which includes a zero-voltage switch that creates irregular pauses of varying lengths when specific frequencies occur in the oscillators. This zero-voltage switch activates only when the AC voltage crosses zero, allowing an integrated drive circuit (zero crossing unit) to pass full half-waves or full cycles (pulse-burst control). The flickering effect, resulting from its switching behavior, is not suitable for standard lighting applications, but is ideal for this purpose. This optocoupler version is also rated for a maximum current of 100 mA. For simulating small fire scenarios or welding light in a workshop, two small incandescent lamps rated at 6 V / 0.6 A (bicycle taillight bulbs) or a single 12 V lamp (rated at 100 mA) can be used. To simulate a larger fire, a triac (TIC206D, rated at 400 V / 4 A with a trigger current of 5 mA) can be connected to the circuit output to control a more powerful incandescent lamp. Since continuous flickering may lose its appeal over time, varying the on and off times is advisable. This variation is managed by a bipolar Hall switch (TLE4935L), which is compact enough to fit between the sleepers of all model railway gauges, including Miniclub (Z Gauge), or can be placed alongside the track with a strong permanent magnet. When a magnet is fixed on a locomotive's base with the south pole facing the Hall switch, the integrated npn transistor activates, pulling the base of an external pnp transistor negative, allowing current to flow to the unijunction transistors. If another traction unit with a north pole magnet passes later, the Hall switch will deactivate, turning off the flickering light. Alternatively, the device can be operated manually without this triggering mechanism.

The described circuit utilizes unijunction transistors to create a visually engaging flickering light effect, suitable for simulating various scenarios. The three oscillators, each tuned to different frequencies, generate pulse signals that are mixed to produce the desired flickering. The use of a triac optocoupler allows for effective control of the light output while maintaining safety and isolation from the high-voltage components. The inclusion of a zero-voltage switching mechanism enhances the realism of the flickering effect, making it particularly suitable for applications in model railroading or theatrical displays. The ability to vary the flickering pattern through a Hall effect switch provides an additional layer of dynamism, effectively mimicking the unpredictable nature of fire or welding light. Overall, this circuit exemplifies a creative approach to electronic design, leveraging a combination of basic components to achieve a complex and visually appealing output.Regardless of whether you want to effectively imitate a house fire, a campfire, or light from welding, the circuit described here fills the bill without using a microcontroller, although it does use a larger number of components (including some truly uncommon ones). The circuit is based on three oscillators, which are built using unijunction trans istors (UJTs). Each oscillator has a different frequency. The output voltages are mixed, which produces the flickering effect. A unijunction transistor consists of an n-type bar of silicon between two ohmic (non-barrier) base contacts (B1 and B2). The effective resistance is controlled by the p-type emitter region. The designation transistor` is a somewhat unfortunate choice, since it cannot be used for linear amplification.

UJTs are suitable for use as pulse generators, monostable multivibrators, trigger elements and pulse-width modulators. If a positive voltage is applied to the emitter (E), the capacitor charges via the resistor. As soon as the voltage on the emitter reaches approximately half the supply voltage (for a 2N2645, the value lies in the range of 56 75 %), the UJT fires` and the capacitor discharges via base B1 and the resistor, generating a positive pulse.

The UJT then returns to the non-conduct state, and the process just described repeats periodically. The frequency can be approximately given by the formula f 1/(RC) The frequency is independent of the value of the supply voltage (which must not exceed 35 V). The maximum emitter blocking voltage is 30 V, and the maximum permissible emitter current is 50 mA. The values of resistors R1, R2 and R3 can lie between 3 k and 500 k. If necessary, the frequency can be varied over a range of 100:1 by using a trimpot instead of a fixed resistor.

The frequencies from the three pulse generators are mixed by connecting them to the IR diode of a triac optocoupler via R4. The optocoupler, a type MOC3020, K3030P or MCP3020, can handle a maximum load current of 100 mA. The triac triggers at irregular intervals and generates the desired flickering light in the two small lamps, L1 and L2, which are connected in series to the transformer secondary.

The light effect can be noticeably improved by using a MOC3040, which contains a zero-voltage switch, since its generates irregular pauses of various lengths when suitable frequencies occur in the individual oscillators. The zero-voltage switch does not switch while the current is flowing, but only when the applied ac voltage passes through zero.

An integrated drive circuit (zero crossing unit) allows full half-waves or full cycles to pass (pulse-burst control) Due to the flickering effect arising from its switching behaviour, it is not suitable for normal lighting, but here this just what we want. This version of the optocoupler is also designed for a maximum current of 100 mA. For a small roof fire or the light of a welding torch in a workshop, two small incandescent lamps connected in series and rated at 6 V / 0.

6 A (bicycle taillight bulbs) or a single 12-V lamp (rated at 100 mA) is adequate. If it is desired to simulate a large fire, a triac (TIC206D, rated at 400 V / 4 A, with a trigger current of 5 mA) can be connected to the output of the circuit and used to control a more powerful incandescent lamp. As continuous flickering looses its attraction for an interested observer after a while (since no house burns for ever, and welders also take breaks), it`s a good idea to vary the on and off times of the circuit.

This is handled by a bipolar Hall switch (TLE4935L), which has such a small package that it can fitted between the sleepers of all model railway gauges, including Miniclub (Z Gauge), or even placed alongside the track if a strong permanent magnet is used. If a magnet is fixed somewhere on the base of a locomotive such that the south pole points toward the package of the Hall switch (the flattened front face with the type marking), the integrated npn transistor will switch on and pull the base of the external pnp transistor negative, causing the collector emitter junction to conduct and provide the necessary juice` for the unijunction transistors.

If another traction unit whose magnet has it s north pole pointing toward the Hall switch passes a while later, the switch will be cut off and the flickering light will go out. Of course, you can also do without this form of triggering and operate the device manually. 🔗 External reference