Lantern making use of a relay control circuit

220V mains electricity is sent through a 0.33 µF capacitor (Ci) and a 50 kΩ resistive drop. A bridge rectifier composed of diodes D1 to D4 converts the AC voltage to DC. After passing through a 100 µF capacitor for filtering, the circuit controls a 2V source. When the voltage reaches a certain threshold, the circuit engages various components. If the voltage drops below a certain level, the system disables certain functions, resulting in lights turning off. A 10 kΩ resistor (Ri) is involved in charging a capacitor (C2). The electronic circuit activates at a specific voltage, causing lights to illuminate. At this point, normally closed contacts open, and normally open contacts close, allowing current to flow through a 4.7 kΩ resistor (R) to discharge the capacitor. After a predetermined time, a relay (L2) is deactivated, turning off the lights. A photoelectric sensor (C1) is involved in the operation, which cycles through these processes.

This circuit serves as a power supply and control mechanism for low-voltage lighting systems. The use of a 220V AC mains supply is standard in many regions, and the initial stage of the circuit involves a capacitive dropper to reduce the voltage for safe processing. The 0.33 µF capacitor (Ci) acts as a filtering component, allowing only the AC component to pass through while dropping the voltage to a manageable level.

The bridge rectifier, consisting of four diodes (D1 to D4), converts the incoming AC voltage to DC. This rectification is crucial for powering devices that require a stable DC supply. Following this, the 100 µF capacitor acts as a smoothing capacitor, reducing ripple in the DC output and providing a more stable voltage to the subsequent components.

The control circuit operates at a threshold voltage, which is monitored to ensure proper operation. When the voltage exceeds a certain limit, the circuit engages the lighting system. The 10 kΩ resistor (Ri) plays a role in charging the capacitor (C2), which is essential for the timing and control functions of the system. The operation of the lights is governed by a relay (L2) that is controlled by the state of the contacts, which change based on the voltage levels.

The inclusion of a photoelectric sensor (C1) allows the system to respond to ambient light conditions, potentially enabling automatic on/off functionality based on surrounding light levels. This feature enhances the efficiency of the lighting system, ensuring that lights are only activated when needed.

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