A Pierce Oscillator is a type of oscillator that uses a crystal instead of a parallel-resonant circuit [LC circuit]. A pierce oscillator also uses the voltage developed from a tap between two capacitors in the tank circuit, as shown to the right. range. Both of the Pierce Oscillators use a PNP transistor as the amplifier. Basically any PNP transis
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tor may be used as long as it exhibits gain at the desired frequency of operation. Two common general purpose PNP transistors include the 2N3904 PNP Transistor and 2N3906 PNP Transistor. Both of these transistors offer frequency operation over 100MHz. The important criteria is that the transistor provides amplification in the frequency range of oscillation. Both of these circuits are very similar. The DC voltage is supplied by Vcc, set to be in range of the transistor selected. The 2N3904, for example, has a maximum Collector-Base voltage of 60 volts and Collector-Emitter voltage of 40 volts. The DC bias currents are set by a number of resistors. Resistor Re sets the emitter current. The collector current is set by resistor Rc. The Base voltage is set by the voltage divider formed by resistors Rf and Rb and is equal to Vcc x Rb/(Rb + Rf)].
This project fits more for custom made battery casing that can have more space to hide things inside. This switch with few alterations can be used for any other project as well but is designed based on e-bike needs! This project use a clever functionality of....
The circuit described here uses ultrasonic oscillations and operates based on the propagation velocity of these oscillations in the air. Thus, we can easily determine the distance of two points if the time within which the wave travels this distance is....
Sometimes the precious metals are hidden too deep and are not detected except with complicated devices. In many cases, however, small pieces of precious metal buried near the surface can be detected by relatively simple means. Everyone is very attractive to....
Many times for various reasons we forget or can not water the plants that we have in our homes. And many humidity sensors units just notify us with a beeping sound or with a flashing light, that the pot needs watering. But what if we are away from home? This....
The principle behind a metal detector is really very simple. Proof of this is the circuit that follows, in which it proves that the construction of a metal detector can be done in the minute, with few components that we find very easily everywhere. With the....
The sub-harmonic bass generator is a sound producing unit for guitars. The sound it produces looks very much like that of the bass guitar. The octave generator is sometimes quite unusual since it does not produce any of the usual ways of coloring the sound,....
In the past the sounding (sea bottom measurement) was done with the "bullet", that is, with a heavy lead object that the seamen plucked into the sea hung from a calibrated rope. As soon as the "bullet" reached the bottom, the depth appeared directly from the....
This Amplifier was designed to have the following specifications: Distortion less than 0.1% at full power of 100W even at 20KHz. Power has to be attributed to an extended bandwidth. The output transistors must be protected against short circuits. The power....
A series of LEDs serve to alert the gardener when plants need water. Using two conventional digital integrated LEDs and a series of LEDs, we make a very useful device for gardening. The device detects the amount of water in the pot and alerts the grower.....
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