This circuit is mainly intended to provide common home stereo amplifiers with a microphone input. The battery supply is a good compromise: in this manner the input circuit is free from mains low frequency hum pick-up and connection to the amplifier is more simple, due to the absence of mains cable and power supply. The circuit is based on a low noise, high gain two stage PNP and NPN transistor amplifier, using DC negative feedback through R6 to stabilize the working conditions quite precisely.

This circuit is used to give out a microphone preamp to a amplifier which will power the signal. The NPN transistors used are ECG123A. This circuit is also a older model to the one that now use IC's, but dont worry this will still work fine.

Here is the schematic, PC board pattern, and parts placement for a "Fantastic Atom Expander". This circuit produces an "exploding atom" effect using 98 LEDs. # The LEDs can be any colour but blue. For a very interesting effect, make one ring red, the next one green, the next one orange, then yellow, etc. # The transistors can be most any inexpensive NPN transistor (2N2222, PN2222A, Etc.). # For a very interesting (and expensive!) effect, replace the 2N3904`s with 2N3055 power transistors on heatsinks and use 12 V 500ma incandescent bulbs instead of LEDs.

This metal detector circuit needs to be powered using a 9 volts power supply ( DC) or a 9 volts battery . The C1 capacitor is a variable capacitor with a value of 365 pF , C2 is a 100pF silver mica capacitor , C3 is a 0.05 uF disc capacitor and the C4 is a 4.7 uF capacitor . The Q1 transistor can be RCA SK3011 npn transistor or equivalent type and all resistors need to be ½ watts .

This is a novel flasher circuit using a single driver transistor that takes its flash-rate from a flashing LED. The flasher in the photo is 3mm. An ordinary LED will not work. The flash rate cannot be altered by the brightness of the high-bright white LED can be adjusted by altering the 1k resistor across the 100u electrolytic to 4k7 or 10k. The 1k resistor discharges the 100u so that when the transistor turns on, the charging current into the 100u illuminates the white LED.

This is a variation on the astable multivibrator. Circuit was recently developed to test for N-mosfets(the power kind e.g irf830). I don?t claim circuit can test all bad mosfets or all fault mosfet conditions. If mosfet is working it will operate in the astable multivibrator circuit causing the Led to flash. A bad mosfet will not cause the LED to flash. Below is the circuit diagram, the other half of the astable utilizes an npn transistor to make the circuit cheap. Almost any npn transistor will work in this circuit. The npn transistor to the right is used as a common emitter buffer that also drives the led as it receives pulses from the mosfet drain.

The temperature sensor U2 needs to be located next to the item being monitored. As the temperature increases the motor duty cycle will increase. D1 and R2 are optical components, they only need to be installed for a visual indication of the current duty cycle. Q1 is a 2N4001 NPN transistor. Resistors are all 1/4 Watt. D1 is a blue LED.

This may be the simplest LED flasher circuit you can build, with the notable exclusion of LED's with integrated flashing circuits. This might be a good replacement for the LM3909 in some applications. Take a close look. Only the emitter and collector leads of the 2N2222 are connected. The base lead was cut off. The LED is from a string of Christmas lights and it has an integrated 100 Ohm resistor. This LED flasher occurred to me while reading about negative resistance in transistors. In this implementation, a common NPN transistor is used. In the circuit, a 1k resistor charged the 330 uf capacitor until the voltage became large enough to get the emitter-base junction to avelanche.

If you are familiar with LED flashers using transistor, you may know the basic one uses two transistor, one capacitor and three resistors. There is other kind of oscillator called "flip-flop". As I'm starting to develop some basic circuits, I need a simple LED flasher that can be used in many other applications. The RC circuit is connected to the base of the NPN transistor (3904) and it gives the signal to the PNP transistor (3906) to turn on the LED. When the PNP transistor is ON, it discharges the capacitor and it turn off itself, so the cycle repeats again.

The design shown will test PNP and NPN transistors, diodes and SCRs both "in-situ" (equipment of course de-energised) and also by direct connection to a stand-alone component. It is a simple GO/NOGO test which can identify diode and transistor action and will indicate diode polarity and transistor type PNP/NPN, if this is unknown. The CD4093 CMOS IC (IC1a & b) is configured as a square-wave oscillator of about 2Hz. IC1 c & d invert this 2Hz signal. These two complementary square wave voltages are used as the test supply voltage to the Device Under Test (D.U.T.). Transistor base bias is via a 1000-Ohm resistor. Two red LEDs are paralleled in ?contra? fashion and connected across the output.

This circuit is a simple IR detector for testing IR remote controllers. The circuit is based on one phototransistor which receives the IR beam. The NPN transistor works as an amplifier which feeds current to the led. When this circuit detects IR or light, the LED is on. So you need to shield the phototransistor from ambient light if you don't want to do your tests in the dark. The best way is to fit the phototransistor in a small black tube. I used 2 cm long piece of insulating tube and fitted the phototransistor into the middle of the tube.

In this circuit a LM339 quad voltage comparator is used to generate a time delay and control a high current output at low voltage. Approximatey 5 amps of current can be obtained using a couple fresh alkaline D batteries. Three of the comparators are wired in parallel to drive a medium power PNP transistor (2N2905 or similar) which in turn drives a high current NPN transistor (TIP35 or similar). The 4th comparator is used to generate a time delay after the normally closed switch is opened.

This circuit is similar to the one above but uses positive feedback to get a little more amplitude to the speaker. I copied it from a small 5 transistor radio that uses a 25 ohm speaker. In the circuit above, the load resistor for the driver transistor is tied directly to the + supply. This has a disadvantage in that as the output moves positive, the drop across the 470 ohm resistor decreases which reduces the base current to the top NPN transistor. Thus the output cannot move all the way to the + supply because there wouldn't be any voltage across the 470 resistor and no base current to the NPN transistor.

This circuit is similar to the one above, but uses a N channel mosfet such as IRF530, 540, 640, etc. in place of the NPN transistor. Smaller mosfets could be used, but I don't know the part numbers. I tested the circuit with a IRF640, IRFZ44, IRFZ34 and REP50N06. The circuit has the same three advantages, it requires only a few parts, always comes up with the relay deactivated, and doesn't need any switch debouncing. In operation, when the relay is deactivated, the 100uF capacitor will charge to 6 volts.

This circuit was adapted from the "Toggle Switch Debounced Pushbutton" by John Lundgren. It is useful where the load needs to be switched on from one location and switched off from another. Any number of momentary (N/O) switches or push buttons can be connected in parallel. The combination (10K, 10uF and diode) on the left side of the schematic insures the circuit powers up with the load turned off and the NPN transistor conducting. These components can be omitted if the initial power-on condition is not an issue.

This is a simple headphone amplifier. You can use any NPN transistor.

This preamplifier was designed for low resistance sources like moving coil heads (MC). The circuit uses in parallel three duble transistors SSM2220 or MAT03 and by forming a diferential amplifier keeps noice low. Connecting this amplifier in front of a OP27 amp we gain even lower noise. Also the reason we use PNP rather NPN transistors is because they have les low frequency noice.

A cadmium sulfide photocell (LDR1, which is a light-dependent resistor) is connected to the base and collector of an npn transistor, Ql. When light hits LDR1, the internal resistance goes from a very high (dark) value to a low (light) value, supplying base current to Ql, turning it on. The voltage across Rl produces a bias that turns Q2 on, which in turn, supplies the positive voltage to Ul at pin 8 (the positive-supply input) and pin 4 (the reset input), to operate the 555 audio oscillator circuit.

The circuit uses two general-purpose npn transistors, Ql and Q2, and a special hand-wound, dual-coil probe ferrets out the magnetism. Ql and its associated components form a simple VLF oscillator circuit, with LI, C2, and C3 setting the frequency. The VLF signal received by the pickup coil, L2, is passed through C5 and rectified by diodes Dl and D2.

The UJT oscillator output is applied to a general purpose npn transistor which drives the speaker.